微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝复配处理涂料废水的响应面优化

采用响应面分析法对聚合氯化铝(PAC)与污泥生产的微生物絮凝剂复配处理涂料废水的过程进行了优化,设定的响应值为COD和色度去除率。实验分别拟合了关于COD去除率和色度去除率的二次模型,根据响应值的分布情况,确定涂料废水的最佳絮凝条件为微生物絮凝剂浓度47 mg/L,PAC浓度39 mg/L,pH为8.2,CaCl2浓度0.38 g/L,搅拌速度210 r/min。最佳絮凝条件下,微生物絮凝剂对涂料废水中COD和色度的去除率分别达到77.6%和68.9%。     

Outdoor fine and ultrafine particle measurements at six bus stops with smoking on two California arterial highways—Results of a pilot study

As indoor smoking bans have become widely adopted, some U.S. communities are considering restricting smoking outdoors, creating a need for measurements of air pollution near smokers outdoors. Personal exposure experiments were conducted with four to five participants at six sidewalk bus stops located 1.5–3.3 m from the curb of two heavily traveled California arterial highways with 3300–5100 vehicles per hour. At each bus stop, a smoker in the group smoked a cigarette. Gravimetrically calibrated continuous monitors were used to measure fine particle concentrations (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm; PM_2.5) in the breathing zones (within 0.2 m from the nose and mouth) of each participant. At each bus stop, ultrafine particles (UFP), wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and traffic counts were also measured. For 13 cigarette experiments, the mean PM_2.5 personal exposure of the nonsmoker seated 0.5 m from the smoker during a 5-min cigarette ranged from 15 to 153 µg/m³. Of four persons seated on the bench, the smoker received the highest PM_2.5 breathing-zone exposure of 192 µg/m³. There was a strong proximity effect: nonsmokers at distances 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m from the smoker received mean PM_2.5 personal exposures of 59, 40, and 28 µg/m³, respectively, compared with a background level of 1.7 µg/m³. Like the PM_2.5 concentrations, UFP concentrations measured 0.5 m from the smoker increased abruptly when a cigarette started and decreased when the cigarette ended, averaging 44,500 particles/cm³ compared with the background level of 7200 particles/cm³. During nonsmoking periods, the UFP background concentrations showed occasional peaks due to traffic, whereas PM_2.5 background concentrations were extremely low. The results indicate that a single cigarette smoked outdoors at a bus stop can cause PM_2.5 and UFP concentrations near the smoker that are 16–35 and 6.2 times, respectively, higher than the background concentrations due to cars and trucks on an adjacent arterial highway.

Implications: Rules banning smoking indoors have been widely adopted in the United States and in many countries. Some communities are considering smoking bans that would apply to outdoor locations. Although many measurements are available of pollutant concentrations from secondhand smoke at indoor locations, few measurements are available of exposure to secondhand smoke outdoors. This study provides new data on exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke near a smoker outdoors. The levels are compared with the exposure measured next to a highway. The findings are important for policies that might be developed for reducing exposure to secondhand smoke outdoors.     

基于白碳黑的水化硅酸钙制备及其磷回收特性简

以白碳黑、硅灰、硅藻土和硅胶筛选硅质原料，并与钙质原料电石渣制备了水化硅酸钙。借助XRF、BET、FTIR等表征手段，通过多次重复除磷实验，研究了硅质原料特性对水化硅酸钙回收磷性能的影响。结果表明，白碳黑具有极高的反应活性，因此可作为制备具有磷回收特性的水化硅酸钙的硅质原料。结合XRD等表征发现，白碳黑的有效利用率是影响水化硅酸钙回收磷性能的关键，该利用率取决于白碳黑与电石渣的摩尔配比以及水热反应温度。当电石渣与白碳黑的摩尔比为1.6：1，反应温度为170℃时，白碳黑具有最佳的利用效率。该条件制备的水化硅酸钙可作为晶种，在其表面结晶形成羟基磷灰石，从而达到磷回收的目的，磷回收后固体物质中的磷含量为19.05%。     

KOH活化花生壳生物质炭对亚甲基蓝吸附性能研究

以花生壳生物质炭(P-BC)为原料,KOH为活化剂,采用化学活化法制得活化生物质炭(K-BC),通过考察对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能,研究了花生壳生物质炭的最佳活化条件,并利用N2吸附-脱附实验、SEM等对最佳活化条件下的生物质炭进行表征。结果表明,K-BC活化的最佳条件为碱炭比为1.5∶1,活化温度为800℃,活化时间为90 min,此时K-BC的比表面积达到597.93 m2/g,总孔容达到0.76 cm3/g。并考察了亚甲基蓝初始浓度、pH等对K-BC吸附亚甲基蓝的影响,随着初始浓度的增加,吸附平衡时间显著延长,亚甲基蓝去除率显著降低;当pH=6时,K-BC对亚甲基蓝的吸附量最大;K-BC对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学曲线符合伪二阶动力学模型,吸附平衡时K-BC对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力为80~149.95 mg/g。     

Effect of air-drying and oven-drying treatment on Cr(VI) content and Cr bond forms in soil

Air-drying and oven-drying are pretreatment processes often used before testing and analyzing various soil characteristics in the laboratory. This study selected three kinds of soil, including red soil, entisol, and alluvial soil, and examined the variation of the Cr(VI) content and Cr bond forms in these soils during air-drying and oven-drying. The results show that when the soil is air-dried in natural environment, the Cr(VI) content decreases with air-drying time. On day 10 of air-drying, the Cr(VI) content in these soils is 22.8～47.9 % of the initial value. When the soil is oven-dried, the Cr(VI) concentration decays faster; on day 8, the Cr(VI) is no longer detected in these soil samples. When the Cr(VI)-contaminated soil is treated by air-drying and oven-drying, the Cr bond form converts into a more stable form. After oven-drying, the Cr mainly exists in Fe–Mn oxide form, organic bond form, and residual form. The air-drying and oven-drying pretreatment processes of soil reduce the Cr(VI) content and stabilize the Cr bond form. If the laboratory analytic results are applied to risk analysis or remediation strategy planning for chromium-contaminated soil, the toxicity, bioavailability, and mobility of Cr in soil may be underrated.     

生物滴滤塔处理氯苯废气的工艺性能

将活性污泥培养及驯化后接种于生物滴滤塔中，挂膜启动后处理模拟氯苯废气（简称氯苯废气），考察了生物滴滤塔在挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段的性能。实验结果表明：接种41 d后生物滴滤塔成功挂膜，此时氯苯去除率稳定在90%以上；生物滴滤塔稳定运行阶段，随着进气中氯苯质量浓度由303.82 mg/m³逐渐增至1 489.05 mg/m³，氯苯去除率从85.1%降至70.1%。处理氯苯废气适宜的工艺条件为：空塔停留时间超过45 s，喷淋液流量31.8 mL/min，氯苯负荷23.97~128.01 g/（m³·h）。生物滴滤塔对喷淋液的酸性环境有较好的适应性，喷淋液pH的变化对氯苯去除率无显著影响。     

聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附

制备了聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂,对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析。采用批处理方法实验了pH、铜离子初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂用量对吸附量的影响,研究了等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型。优化后的吸附条件为:在铜离子溶液体积50 mL、初始浓度为300 mg/L、pH为6.0时,吸附剂投放量50 mg、吸附时间60 min,此时吸附量达到269.1 mg/g,去除率达89.7%。25℃时在研究浓度范围内,铜离子吸附过程用Langmuir等温线模型和Freundlich等温线模型描述均可;与准一级动力学方程、Elovich方程及内扩散方程相比,准二级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附动力学过程。     

Urinary metabolomic profiling in rats exposed to dietary di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an omnipresent environmental chemical with widespread nonoccupational human exposure through multiple ways. Although considerable efforts have been invested to investigate mechanisms of DEHP toxicity, the key metabolic biomarkers of DEHP toxicity remain to be identified. The aim of this study was to assess the urinary metabonomics of dietary DEHP in rats using the technique of ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). Fourteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups and given increasing dietary doses of DEHP for 30 consecutive days. The urinary metabolite profile was studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) enabled clusters to be clearly separated. Eleven principal urinary metabolites were identified as contributing to the clusters. The clusters in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode were xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, nonate, N6-methyladenosine, and L-isoleucyl-L-proline. The clusters in the negative ESI mode were hippuric acid, tetrahydrocortisol, citric acid, phenylpropionylglycine, cPA(18:2(9Z, 12Z)/0:0), and LysoPC(14:1(9Z)). The urinary metabonomic changes indicated that exposure to dietary DEHP can affect energy-related metabolism, liver and renal function, fatty acid metabolism, and cause DNA damage in rats. The findings of this study on the urinary metabolites and metabolic pathways of DEHP may form the basis for future studies on the mechanisms of toxicity of this commonly found environmental chemical.     

Characterization of the extracellular biodemulsifiers secreted by Bacillus cereus LH-6 and the enhancement of demulsifying efficiency by optimizing the cultivation conditions

A highly efficient demulsifying strain, LH-6, was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil and identified as Bacillus cereus by 16S rDNA gene analysis. It achieved 95.61 and 95.40 % demulsifying ratios within 12 h for water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) model emulsions, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) detections indicated that the LH-6’s extracellular biodemulsifiers were different types of lipopeptides for the W/O and O/W emulsions. Optimization of the culture medium composition was conducted to improve the biosynthesis and demulsifying efficiency of the biodemulsifier. The optimal carbon source was liquid paraffin, while waste frying oil could also be an alternative carbon source. The optimal nitrogen sources were ammonium sulfate and yeast extract. To further enhance the biodemulsifier efficiency, the optimal cultivation conditions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotation design (CCRD). Using the optimized cultivation conditions, the demulsifying ratios increased to 98.23 and 97.65 % for the W/O and O/W model emulsions, respectively.     

Fate and transformation of naphthylaminesulfonic azo dye Reactive Black 5 during wastewater treatment process

Certain aromatic amines generated by the decolorization of some azo dyes are not removed substantially by conventional anaerobic–aerobic biotreatment. These aromatic amines are potentially toxic and often released in the wastewater of industrial plants. In this study, the fate and transformation of the naphthylaminesulfonic azo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) during different phases of a sequencing batch reactor were investigated. The major products of RB5 decolorization during the anaerobic phase include 2-[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl]ethyl hydrogen sulfate (APSEHS) and 1-2-7-triamino-8-hydroxy-3-6-naphthalinedisulfate (TAHNDS). During the aerobic phase, APSEHS was hydrolyzed and produced 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, which was further degraded via dearomatization. TAHNDS was transformed rapidly via auto-oxidation into TAHNDS_DP-1 and TAHNDS_DP-2, which were not further removed by the activated sludge during the entire 30-day aerobic phase. In contrast, different behaviors of TAHNDS were observed during the anoxic phase. The transformation of TAHNDS was initiated either by deamination or desulfonation reaction. TAHNDS was then converted into 3,5-diamino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, which was subsequently removed via ring cleavage reaction under aerobic condition. In conclusion, complete degradation of TAHNDS by activated sludge occurs only during anoxic/aerobic processes instead of the conventional anaerobic/aerobic processes.